Tomasz Kowalski
$2.8B–$4.2B
Open source economics methodology. Hourly value × contribution hours.
DigitalCommons
$3.5B–$5B
Replacement cost method — what would it cost to recreate Wikipedia?
Ben Carter
$3B–$5B
Innovation multiplier from accessible knowledge factored in.
Priya Patel
$2.5B–$4B
Peer production valuation from academic literature.
KnowledgeLab
$4B–$6B
Wider definition including developer time saved.
Erik Nordstrom
$3.2B–$4.5B
Systems dynamics model of knowledge network effects.
Rafael Mendez
$2.9B–$4B
Cross-verified with independent contribution counting.
OpenSourceValuation
$3.5B–$5.5B
Stack Exchange comparison for developer labor value.
James Okafor
$2.7B–$3.8B
Conservative — no speculative future value included.